Union Effects on Employee Relation in Great Britain Essay

Union Effects on Employee Relation in Great Britain - Essay Example In a country like Nigeria, for instance, both before and since the current democratic government took up the mantle of leadership, the government has, in its bid to restructure the country's battered economy, applied certain measures over and over again, each time bringing untold hardship on the Nigerian workers. An example of such measures is the continual increase in the prices of various petroleum products, notably gasoline, kerosene, gas, diesel and other lubricants. Â  Each time this is done, [It has been done six times within six years], the prices of virtually everything except workers' salary would go up by over a hundred percent. The transporters would increase their transport fares, market people would do the same on foodstuffs, landlords, estate agents, farmers, schools, and college; all these and other service providers, including manufacturers, would follow suit and increase the prices of their products and services, without any consideration for the worker, who bears the effect of inflation. Â  When the situation is like this, the worker's plight becomes very pathetic because of the concomitant high cost of living and spiraling inflation the worker is left to grapple with as his pocket depletes quickly with his static salary. Â  Many workers have had to continue to suffer in silence for fear of being sacked and thrown into the over-populated labor market, where many unemployed graduates are waiting in the wings to grab any job opportunity, no matter how small the pay, just to make ends meet. Â  The government has remained insensitive about the plight of the worker with their arbitrary increases in petroleum product prices, even when no palliatives are ever put in place to cushion the effect of their policies on the work. Â  Protests and nationwide strikes declared by the Labour Congress has always been the workers' only resort, but this has always be perceived as opponents of the government, [short of being labeled a treason] and the reaction of the government has been to unleash police terror on the protesting workers, arrests and detention of union leaders are ordered. Apart from these, the worker faces such punitive measures as the cut in salary suspension [without pay], and outright dismissal is additional punishments the worker faces in the hand of the employer at the end of strikes and protests. Â  Generally, most employers perceive unionism as opposed to the progress and well being of their organizations. Whenever there is a conflict between workers and their employers, and the union comes in to mediate, there is always a stalemate, or where some agreements are struck through collective bargaining, such agreements are hardly respected to the full by the employers. Â  Unionised employees are usually seen as disloyal to their employers. A wrong perception by the employers. Many unionized workers are constantly dismissed, sacked, suspended, suppressed or threatened at the slightest chance by the employers.

The Dominican Republic and Haiti Conflict Essay

The Dominican Republic and Haiti Conflict - Essay Example This is a real life incident. It is the difference people see in two countries and the unnecessary disputes occurring due to it, that has made me identify Betty's story with this novel. Betty from America and Moody from Iran are married for a long time. They are settled in the US and they have a very young daughter, Mahtob. For some reason, Moody starts missing his family. He convinces his wife to go to Tehran to visit his family. Betty is familiar with the violence going on in Iran and she hesitates. Finally realizing her husband's desire to visit his family, she yields and makes him swear on the Koran to return in two weeks' time. Thus they set out happily to Iran. Betty only receives an unwelcoming welcome from Moody's family. The moment she sets her foot in Iran she is demanded to adapt to an Iranian style of dressing. She is asked to wear the black veil and for accidentally exposing her hair on the forehead she nearly gets arrested. The days of long suffering begin for Betty. She finds the ways and means of Moody's family rather unpleasant. She realizes that they are unhappy about Moody being Americanized. Her husband's family turns out to be fanatically devout Muslims. The only thing that kept her moving was the thought of getting back to the US in the scheduled time. Towards the end of Towards the end of the planned vacation, Moody declares that they are not going back. He explains he got fired from his job for being a Muslim. Since it is hard to find a job again in the US, he plans to find one in Iran itself. Betty is alarmed. She tries to convince him to go back to Iran and that she does not want Mahtob to grow up in Iran. They end up in an argument. He beats her up and takes custody of her money, credit card and identity card and prisons her in her sister-in-law's house. Betty tries to get the help of her mother and gets information about an embassy contract. Under suspicion, Moody cuts all the telephone connections. Somehow, she sneaks out of the house to the Swiss Embassy to find methods to leave home. There she learns that getting married to Moody has made her an Iranian citizen. The only way to get back to the US is to be done with his permission. Getting a divorce helps, but only Betty shall be allowed to leave and Moody will get the custody of the kid. Moody's suspicion grow day by day. Betty is put under the scrutiny of his unsympathetic relatives all the time. When her plans to run away seem a distant dream she starts to play the role of an obedient devout Muslim wife. She attends Koran classes, learns to speak Iranian language. They celebrate Mahtob's birthday. When it is time for her to start school, Mahtob is enrolled in a Muslim school. Betty is given the opportunity to accompany her daughter to school. At her Koran classes she finds an American woman and befriends her. With her help Betty tries to mail a letter. But she ends up beaten by her husband for helping Betty secretly. The contact ends there. Moody slowly loosens the grip. He trusts her to visit the market. There she finds a man who is a part of the underground network that helps American women who are held hostages by husbands, to leave to their nation. The various processes go on. Meanwhile Betty's father falls sick and when she demands to visit him, Moody arranges a ticket for her. However, Mahtob is not allowed to go with her. He also demands her to

Humpback Whales Essay Example for Free

Humpback Whales Essay General Description: A. Body Symmetry: Bilateral B. Special Pigments or Coloration: Dark grey with lighter underbelly; flippers and flukes are grey and spotted with white C. Habitat: (Zone) Benthic and coastal (Geographic): From Alaska to the Caribbean D. Specific Characteristics: 1) Reproduction: Polygamous; Seasonal breeding 2) Feeding Techniques: Filter feeders; Bubble netting, Ring of foam, Lunging. 3) Defense Techniques: Humpbacks have few predators other than humans, and don’t have any defensive techniques. Some of the largest animals on Earth are the gentlest. The humpback whale is a stellar example of gentle, with its diet, behavior, and complete lack of natural predators. Whales as a species are typically depicted as large animals, understandable with the smallest member of the species, the dwarf sperm whale, measuring on average 9 feet and weighing in at around 400 pounds. The humpback, however, is one of the largest whales, coming in just behind the finback and blue whales. Humpbacks are anywhere from 48 to 63 feet long and weigh an average of 40 tons. They’re recognizable by their large, dark grey bodies with a â€Å"hump† shaped dorsal fin and unusually long white pectoral fins. The humpback’s genus name, Magaptera Novaengliae, means â€Å"big-winged, New Englander† because the largest colony of whales was along the northeast coast of the United States in the Atlantic. But humpback whales are also found vastly between California and Russia. They are migratory marine mammals, and often spend their summers in high latitude areas such as the Gulfs of Maine or Alaska, and then swim south to breed in the subtropical waters in the Dominican Republic and Hawaiian Islands. The humpback actually holds the record for farthest migration of any mammal. The longest recorded migration was 5,160 miles from Costa Rica to Antarctica by a pod of 7 whales. The big-winged New Englander’s diet consists of mostly small organisms even though they are such large animals. Humpbacks belong to the branch of whales known as Mysticeti or baleen whales. Baleen whales do not have teeth, they have baleen which are teeth-like bristles that help the whale to filter small fish and crustaceans from the water for the whale to eat. Baleen whales like the humpback live on a diet of small fish, salmon, herring, krill, and other crustaceans. To compensate for its size, a humpback whale must intake about 3000 pounds of food per day. Humpbacks are very social creatures that travel in pods, and in order to get this much food for the entire pod, they hunt as a group. They don’t hunt like toothed whales, but viciously attacking their prey, but they will lunge at their prey when the confused organisms are trapped in a giant bubble net. Bubble netting is when a pod of whales swim around a school of fish and exhale through their blowholes, producing bubbles, and scaring their prey into a small ball by slapping their flippers and creating loud vocal sounds. Speaking of humpbacks being very social animals, they are also highly recognized by their impressive aerial displays across the surface of the water in spite of their immense weight. Breaching is a popular and well-known trick of all whales. It is when a whale la unches themselves above the water, often twisting in midair, and splashing back down on their sides. Scientists aren’t exactly sure why, but it is speculated that it could be an alternative method of communication as well as an alternative to spyhopping. Spyhopping is when a whale swims vertically to the surface and exposes only as much of their head so as to have their eyes above water in order to check their surroundings. This could very well be why tourist ships get so many photos of whales breaching. Other whale behaviors include slapping the water with its overtly large pectoral fins and belly-flipping. Belly-flipping is simply when a whale lies on its back in the water and slaps the water with one flipper at a time. These behaviors have been seen during courtship and feeding. Humpback whales are polygamous animals, with the males competing for aggressively for oestrous females. Breeding takes place in the winter and in tropical waters. The gestation period for humpbacks is 11 to 12 months, but the mother only gives birth to one calf at a time. The calf will stay by its mother’s side for 2 to 3 years, and reach sexual maturity at around 4 to 5 years old. Females typically produce offspring every 2 years but can birth 2 calves in 3 years. Since the whales are mammals, the female gives birth to a live calf and then breastfeeds for about 5 months. Humpbacks are not territorial, but calves are also to be protected at all costs. Therefore, it makes sense that these gentle giants are only ever not so gentle when competing for a mate, and when they believe an outside whale poses a threat to the pod’s calves’ safety. In the pod, â€Å"Escort† whales may swim with a calf and its mother. The Escort whale, (most are male), may blow bubbles to create a ‘screen’ when outside humpbacks get too close. They also show aggression on occasion when boats and ships get too close. Such aggressive behavior may include body thrashing, horizontal tail-lashing, and lobtailing. Lobtailing is basically tail slapping, which can do a lot of damage considering the strength in the humpback’s large white and grey flukes. Generally speaking, pods are more aggressive than individual whales. Humpback’s are perhaps most well-known for their hauntingly beautiful and mysterious whale songs. They are the only whales that do so, and scientists have yet to decipher what they mean. However, we are aware that their melodic whalesong are obviously means of communicating to fellow whales. The songs can last for over 20 minutes and continue for more than 24 hours per session. Male humpbacks have also been known to sing in order to attract mates. For a scary century, humpback whales were high on the endangered species list. It is only recently that these graceful and gentle giants have accumulated once again to a healthy population of at least 80,000 whales. Economically, humpbacks are wonderful tourist attractions for the coastal states as they’re the favorites of whale watchers. It is better that money is made from watching them than money being made for their meat, baleen, skin, and oil, as well as their very existence.

Social Causes Gender Roles Depression Health And Social Care Essay

Social Causes Gender Roles Depression Health And Social Care Essay Depression, either as a single depressive episode or as a recurrent depressive disorder, is a common mood disorder which is characterised by low mood, resulting in loss of interest and enjoyment, reduced energy and diminished activity. With increasing severity other symptoms such as reduced concentration, attention, self esteem and self confidence manifest, and physical symptoms may protrude, such as disturbed sleep and diminished appetite. These may accumulate in ideas or acts of self harm and suicide[1]. The gender difference in depressive illness, is one of the strongest patterns seen in psychiatric epidemiology [2,3,4,5]. Similar, albeit less strong gender differences can be seen through a variety of mental health disorders, typically with internalising disorders (of mood and anxiety) which are more common in women, and externalising disorders such as schizophrenia and substance abuse which are more common in men.[5]. Such a strong pattern, seen in many cultures around the world can help in the comprehension of depression, an illness that still evades human understanding [1]. The aim of this essay will be to help identify some key aspects of the social causes of depression and how they relate to gender roles within society. This will ascertain their importance in mechanisms that drive someone into depressive illness the gender role hypothesis of depression [5]. However the point of this essay is not to systematically review the scientific literature and identify the cause, but rather to explore the concept of how much gender roles in society contribute to this pattern. In the conclusion, it will allow us to see how changing gender roles, such as feminism, in modernising societies such as the UK, will impact on womens health. The essay will explore risk factors which relate to gender role where they have evidence to cause depression. Such factors are emotional attention, interpersonal relationships, personality, stress response, the impact of co-morbid anxiety and what are termed artefact hypotheses, such as gender biased diagnostic techniques. Sex and gender are terms that have become divorced since Dr Robert Stollers observations of gender being a social construct and sex being biologically determined. It isnt necessary for someone of a certain sex to inherit the same gender and same gender role [6] although in western society it is the norm. While this essay will look at the epidemiological pattern of depression through a social lens, it should be kept in mind that there will be a biological background that cannot be excluded. It can be argued, such as by John Nicholson, that the gender role itself has its development in biology or socio-biology, or gender role as developed by evolution of human behaviour (as proposed by E.O Wilson and David Barash). However, these ideas are not as widely accepted as the theories for socially determined gender roles[6] as put forward by Stoller and Ann Oakley. For the purpose of this essay, gender roles are a set of behaviours socially expected of someone conforming to a particular gend er. A key feature of the female gender role is emotional behaviour, with women being caring and compassionate, and men being dominating and aggressive [6]. This is of course an excessive generalization, but a recognised pattern, most likely influenced by sex of the person. However, it is important to note that there is a large overlap in emotional behaviour between the genders [7] but more specific to gender are those behaviours used to cope with life events. More emotionally sensitive women may present to doctors sooner, although this has been disproved at least once [8]. This is an artefact argument I shall come to later. Emotionally sensitive persons, who tend to display more depressive symptoms, may have impaired anti-rumination strategies [9]. Rumination is a method of coping whereby the person focuses on the depressive symptoms and the triggering event, rather than trying to distract themselves, for example with thoughts of good things to come. Research has found that rumination by more emotionally sensitive persons leads to a negative emotion spiral. Focusing on the negative thoughts and emotions leads to further negative thoughts and emotions. , By controlling for emotional attention in their study results, there was a non-statistically significant difference for gender and symptoms of depression [8]. This is further backed up by evidence that rumination exacerbates and prolongs depression and that women tend to ruminate more when sad or depressed, a trend seen from prepubertal childhood [2]. Another personality trait, such as neuroticism, has also been associated with depression. Controlling for it has been suggested to eliminate the statistical significance of gender and depression [10], and although there is suggestive evidence against this idea [2], it should not be dismissed entirely until more research is done. It could be argued however, that the coping style may be different due to the type of stress observed by the individual. A more significant life event may be harder to distract oneself from, and so easier to ruminate. A womans role may determine her to be exposed to more significant stressors, for example through her role as the homemaker. There may be problems affecting children, housing, fertility, versus issues which will affect men more (for example, through their role as the breadwinner) but occur less often unemployment and finance problems. Although evidence suggests that while men and women are exposed to different stressors, it is insufficient by itself to explain the gender difference [11,12]. Therefore, I feel that the evidence shows that rumination is an important risk factor for depression, and women ruminate more than men, due to their socialisation making them more emotionally sensitive. It should be noted that males and females may receive different stressors for dep ression outside of their gender role. For example, sexual and physical abuse, as an adult or as a child, may play a role in explaining the gender difference. If women are more likely to be abused as adults or as children, (this might become a risk factor towards depression later on), then this might help explain some of the pattern seen. Evidence for this suggests it might play as much as 35% [2] of the gender difference in adult depression. Another way gender role and stress may interplay is through interpersonal relationships. The traditional female gender role will imply that a woman will put in more effort to attaining more friends. Therefore the loss of interpersonal relationships will have more of an impact on the female than it would on the male. Evidence shows that it is the lack of relationship, rather than the support the relationship provides [12], is the more significant stressor, and so further proves the point. This is of particular importance when looking at adolescent mental health, a key time when the gender difference in depression is first seen [2]. It could be argued that the starting of the gender difference is due to a restriction of the adolescent female into her expected role[2]. This only adds to, rather than offers an alternative view point, that if the adolescent female loses some of her important relationships, she might feel more like she has lost an important part of her identity. There is evidence that loss of interpersonal relationships is a significant stressor in adolescent females, because they have invested more emotion and are more likely to blame themselves [13]. This can also help explain the link between Body Mass Index and mood disorders, where high BMI affects women more, possibly putting them at a social disadvantage [14]. However, it is hard to identify whether social disadvantage has encouraged the depression and hence higher BMI, or higher BMI has caused social disadvantage and so depression. I feel that it is probably the latter, as evidence on coping strategies provides little evidence that eating is a common coping strategy in depression [15]. However the two studies examined different populations, American and Japanese, which casts doubt on their results Another study looked at sleep disturbance rather than depression. It suggested that adolescent girls, being more sensitive to familial disruption and increased domestic and grooming expectations, had increased sleep disturbance [16]. This is similar to an argument that I studied earlier increased expectation of fitting into the role of the female gender will increase sleep disturbance. This positively correlates with depression as either a cause or a symptom of sleep disturbance [16]. Looking at other co-morbid conditions of depression may help to illuminate the role of gender difference in depression. Anxiety is frequently seen co-morbid with depression, especially in primary care, such that it has its own classification in the ICD-10[1]. It is therefore logical to think that any gender difference in anxiety (which can be seen[17]) could be linked with the gender difference in depression. Similar risk factors already discussed, ruminative behaviours and social network crises, predispose women to anxiety more than men[17]. I think this adds to the evidence of suggesting a common aetiology between depression and anxiety. Using gender roles, anxiety does not fit into the male gender role of being confident and aggressive, and hence goes some way to explain the gender difference in anxiety, rather than in depression. It would seem that mothers discuss different coping strategies with their children; for boys a more problem solving approach and for girls more emotional coping strategies to help deal with distress [17]. These coping strategies and depression in women[15], comply with my previous ideas and also help to explain the gender difference in depression. While evidence may suggest that anxiety and depression share a common aetiology, evidence also suggests that anxiety states are not part of the aetiology of depression [18,19] and so the gender difference in anxiety is just a reflection, rather than a cause of the gender difference in depression. Evidence suggests that in depression and its risk factors, that anxiety during adolescence, due to a difficult transition from the child to the adult, may make the woman more sensitive to depression after a triggering event[20]. A model suggested by Cyranowski et al, combining female gender socialization and the hormone oxytocin which intensify the need for interpersonal relationships, coupled with anxiety, might cause sensitivity to depressive events. There is a good fit of the evidence , bringing biological as well as psychological and sociological theories together. However, more recent evidence has shown that men and women are equally sensitive to triggering events[11,12]. A better idea is that anxiety and depression share a common aetiology. On the road to depression and anxiety, a fork in the road is approached, where the type of trigger or another risk factor not discussed, decides whether the person becomes depressed or anxious. However, some of the so termed artifact hypotheses may suggest that all the above research and studies are not finding any physical or real link between depression and gender, but rather that is a fault in the techniques in the data collection. Some suggestions that fit this hypothesis are that women are more likely to seek treatment for any illness, more likely to discuss a potentially stigmatising condition such as a mental health disorder or are able to recall symptoms better, and so doctors are more able to make a diagnosis. Alternatively, women are being overdiagnosed or men being underdiagnosed, as either the fault of the doctor or biased diagnosis techniques. It is also argued that substance abuse masks depression and anxiety in men [21]. Some quite surprising research suggests that there is no gender difference in the symptoms a male or female may present to indicate depression, and that men and women show no preference in stating that they feel emotionally down [22]. I have little confidence with this unique result, as the accepted idea and other evidence suggests otherwise [23].. Evidence suggests that substance and alcohol abuse are not the male equivalent to anxiety. Therefore, controlling for alcohol and substance use still leaves a significant gender difference[2]. However, in depression, it has been suggested as a coping strategy[15], and so it is not unconceivable to think that alcohol abuse, assumed to be an externalizing disorder, is in fact a coping mechanism for depression in men. If diagnosed as alcohol abuse rather than depression, this could make up some of the gender difference. However, what is more interesting, is the suggestion that diagnostic techniques are gender biased, especially Becks Depression Index. Two studies reached the same conclusion that items in the Becks Depression Index related to crying and loss of interest in sex gave an over-diagnosis and underestimation of recovery in women [21,24]. Crying is considered more congruent with the female gender role, and loss of interest in sex can occur outside of depression, especially in women, again fitting their gender role [24]. Therefore, to ensure correct diagnosis, the researchers suggest the use of the Goldberg Depression Scale rather than Becks Depression Index. This is troubling, as many of the research already referenced used either interviews by trained lay people or the Becks Depression Index, which casts doubt on the accuracy of the conclusions reached thus far. So to conclude, I have explored some of the risk factors for depression and their aspect as gender roles to help explain the gender difference in depression. There is some doubt cast upon this research and any other research done into the epidemiology of depression because of doubts over the Beck Depression Index bias. I still feel the evidence is strong enough to hold some meaning. On the other hand, differing gender roles is not a sole explanation. The example of child abuse is one of many outside the gender role hypothesis. There is plenty of room for other social, psychological and biological causes of depression and its epidemiological patterns not explored in this essay. A simple and brief conclusion would be to say that gender role is a part of a large mechanism of a multi-factorial illness. More research is required to ascertain the full answer to the question proposed by the title. Ideal research would be to re-analyse the epidemiological patterns in 10, maybe 20 years time. Then it could be assumed that gender roles would continue in their path to become more equal. Less of a difference between the genders and rates of depression and anxiety might be expected. There may also be less of a difference between genders and other mental health disorders. However, additional preliminary evidence can already help draw some ideas. Studying couples with a shared life event for example, women have been shown to be at a greater risk of depression if there was a traditional division of roles in the family[2]. One of the findings of the WHO mental health surveys [5] is that younger people have less distinct gender difference for major depressive disorder than older people. A correlation was found between less traditional gender roles and decreased rates of depression with increased rates of substance abuse. This suggests changing, modernising gender roles are resulting in decreased rates of depression among women. However, the increase in substance abuse is a cause for concern. The trend is towards equal gender roles, with the female gender role becoming more masculine, so bringing new health concerns. While fair gender roles within society as a whole, such as employment, may have a beneficial effect in protecting against depression [2], there is still an imbalance of roles within the home. This is reflected in how children are brought up and how they develop their coping strategies for stress. Therefore, gender roles have a large role to play in epidemiological patterns of depression, and in the aetiology of depression itself. As gender roles become more equal, it will result in better health for women in society, and while not the focus of the essay, it can be safely assumed a similar pattern can occur for men as well. Equality it seems can go a long way in reducing risk to disease.

Political Maneuvering and the Civil Rights Act of 1964 Essay -- Hollow

Skepticism about government is, in many respects, part of the DNA of Americans. This skepticism is not without reason – the actions of American politicians in the 1960s and 70s caused much of America to wonder about the motives of elected officials. However, such skepticism is rarely brought up when discussing the government’s participation in denouncing oppression against the African-American community. Most assume the government enforced equal opportunity for minorities out of compassion and humanity. However, much like the other major actions of the government during that era, the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, a groundbreaking law condemning segregation, was not devoid of personal motives. The Black community was not oblivious to this fact, and voiced its outrage through different mediums. Within the literary community, James Baldwin stands out as an author who especially attacked the government, claiming all the benefits his community was now receiving was not the result of compassion, but rather was the result of politics as usual. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 is considered groundbreaking legislation for a number of reasons. Prior to this bill, there was no legislation that made segregation, or discrimination against African-Americans illegal. Taking a closer look at the law will reveal the various facets through which the Civil Rights Act denounces segregation. While this legislation is composed of eleven titles, it is really the first seven which caused the most noticeable change in the American landscape. Title I of the act â€Å"[was] designed to close loopholes that the Southern States [had] discovered† (Summary of Provisions) in previous Civil Rights bills, primarily in the topi... ...27 Nov 1963. Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum. 26 April 2004. http://www.lbjlib.utexas.edu/johnson/archives.hom/speeches.hom/631127.asp ---. Radio and Television Remarks Upon Signing the Civil Rights Bill. 2 July 1964. Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum. 26 April 2004. http://128.83.78.10/johnson/archives.hom/speeches.hom/640702.asp Kennedy, John F. The White House Special Message on Civil Rights. 28 Feb 1963. CongressLink. 7 April 2004. http://www.congresslink.org/civil/cr1.html King Jr., Martin Luther. â€Å"Our God is Marching On!† The Eyes on the Prize Civil Rights Reader. Eds. Clayborne Carson, David J Garrow, Gerald Gill, Vincent Harding, Darlene Clark Hing. New York, NY: Penguin Books, 1991. 224-227. "Summary of Provisions of Rights Bill." New York Times 10 Feb. 1964. â€Å"The Skipper and the Ship.† Time 14 Feb 1964: 13.

Essay --

One group of people that are accused of killing the president are the Cubans. The Warren Commission found â€Å"dozens of allegations of a conspiratorial contact between Oswald and agents of the Cuban Government† but they did not find any indication showing that Cuba was a part of the murder of the president. However, conspiracy theorists often accuse Fidel Castro of organizing the murder of Kennedy in revenge for the CIA trying to kill him. Basically, the Cubans were trying to kill Kennedy because the CIA plotted to assassinate Fidel Castro all the way back to 1960. Furthermore, on separate occasions, Lyndon Johnson expressed to two major television men that he assumed Castro had prepared the president’s elimination in vengeance for the CIA's efforts to execute Castro. Finally, in 1971, Johnson told his former writer, who operated with Time Magazine, that he never believed Oswald was the lone gunman. In 1975, Clare Luce, the spouse of a Time reporter, said that on the evening of the killing, she got a call from a representative of a commando group. According to her, a man by the name of Julio Fernandez expressed to her that Oswald had communicated with his group in an effort to help kill Castro. He further claimed that he and his contacts discovered that Oswald was a communist and a follower of Castro. Finally, according to Luce, he told her that there was an assassination team that had Oswald as their gunman. Another tie to the JFK assassination was the mafia. The reason why this group stood out was because Jack Ruby, who killed Oswald, was tied to the mafia. Ruby established close ties to many Dallas police officers that visited his nightclubs. Here he entertained them with large amounts of alcohol and women. This made the officers... ...y things wrong with what the Secret Service did on the horrible day of Kennedy’s assassination. First, they testified that president Kennedy had not been given enough protection in Dallas. Second, the Secret Service had information that was not properly examined or inspected by the Secret Service connecting to the Kennedy's trip to Dallas. Finally, the Secret Service agents in the motorcade were ill equipped to shield the president from a gunman. The HSCA specifically noted that the agent in the right front seat of the president’s limousine did not engage the president when he was shot. He should have covered Kennedy’s body in this case. Furthermore, they specified that the main purpose of the agent was to remain in close vicinity to the President at all times in case of disaster. This caused controversy and sparked ideas of conspiracy that could have been involved.

Effectiveness Home Based Exercise Interventions Health And Social Care Essay

In this survey effectivity means betterment in measured results. Outcomes which are traveling to be measured in this survey are physical public presentation ( lower appendage muscular strength and hand-grip strength ) and functional capacity ( balance and walking-timed up and travel ) . For lower appendage muscular strength the chair stand trial normally used. The chair stand trial is a physical public presentation trial used to measure lower-extremity map. A 5 repeat trial is a step of strength ( Ward et al. , 2010 ) . Subjects ‘ manus clasp force mark in their left and right custodies will be recorded. Individual patients whose grip strength is less than the lower bound of the assurance intervals can be considered to be impaired clasp ( Bohannon, Peolsson, Massy-Westropp, Desrosiers, & A ; Bear-Lehman, 2006 ) . In add-on, balance and walking ( functional capacity ) and physical public presentation before and after exercising plan are measured including: ( a ) Berg Balance Scale ( BBS ) , which rated the public presentation of 14 specific undertakings ; ( B ) the Timed Up-and-Go Test ( TUG ) , which measures the clip required to acquire up from a seated place and walk 3 m ( two tests are allowed and the clip required in two tests is averaged ) . Furthermore, physical public presentation in each topic will be assessed by both the Chair Stand Test ( CST ) and Hand Grip Strength ( HGS ) . The chair stand trial is a physical public presentation trial used to measure lower-extremity map and manus clasp strength assesses clients ‘ manus force and strength.Justify why you wanted to analyze place based exercising intercession?The demand for a home-based preparation exercising plan to forestall falls among frail aged people is felt by some research workers ( Kamide, Shiba, & A ; Shibata, 2009 ) . There are promoting informations to demo effectivity of home-based exercising among aged people in maintaining and increasing functional and wellness position, when carried out right ( Hinrich 2009 ) . Nelson et al 2004 summarized that a home-based exercising plan in community-dwelling seniors with functional damage is executable and effectual in bettering functional public presentation, despite limited supervising. They besides added that home-based exercising plans that focus on strength and balance preparation improve functional public presentation in aged people and should be promoted by the allied wellness community ( Nelson et al 2004 ) . A more recent RCT emphasized on feasibleness of home-based exercising plan for aged people populating in community ( Matsuda, Shumway-Cook, & A ; Ciol, 2010 ) . In add-on home-based exercising plan can get the better of the job of center-base plans including, deficiency of public handiness of hi-tech installation in developing courtiers, t ransit barriers for aged, the job of cost-benefit and cost effectivity of any hi-tech plan ( Nelson et al. , 2004 ) . Conformity, which is a major job in centered-based exercising among aged people, can be achieved by home-based plans. Previous researches accent that attachment to any exercising plan is low among aged people particularly in long tally ( Campbell et al. , 1997 ; Dishman, 1991 ; Gobbi et al. , 2009 ; Sturnieks, St George, & A ; Lord, 2008 ; Sun et al. , 2005 ) . Blanchard 2008 stated that less than 15 per centum of aged people participate in center-based exercising plan. He added that to accomplish a larger figure of participants, there has been a displacement toward implementing home-based rehabilitation plans. Home-based muscular strength preparation can be considered as an option to expensive and low conformity clinical-based musculus preparation ( Blanchard, 2008 ) . Many research workers have suggested more community tests designed to get the better of barriers and supply support for inactive aged people to get down exercising plans ( Judge, 2003 ) ; nevertheless, merely a few ra ndomized controlled intercessions studied on falls have investigated the effects of home-based preparation intercession among the community-dwelling elderly people. A home-based preparation exercising should be directed toward beef uping weak musculuss and balance. The effect of muscular failing and co-contraction is lack of assurance ( Tinetti, Richman, & A ; Powell, 1990 ) which makes aged people loss their assurance and fright of falls ( Hill, Schwarz, Kalogeropoulos, & A ; Gibson, 1996 ) . Fear of falling deteriorates the balance reactions and leads to increased hazard of falls and increased hazard of hurt ( Okada, Hirakawa, Takada, & A ; Kinoshita, 2001 ) . Loss of assurance among aged people consequences in functional restrictions and may do limitation in activity due to fear of falling, which is really common job among community-dwelling older grownups with or without experience of falls ( Hansma, Emmelot-Vonk, & A ; Verhaar, 2010 ) . So, it is logical that improved muscular strength can ensue in assurance, cut down fright of falls, addition balance and lessening hazard of falls. A great figure of surveies have proposed that merely extra research with frail aged persons will assist reply if home-based preparation would better balance in older ages ( Nelson et al. , 2004 ; Baker et al. , 2001 ) .What are the issues / job with place based intercession exercising?There have been some jobs in old home-based plans. They still rely on most adept forces who closely supervise their patients and supply them with high criterion attention at their place ( Gardner, Robertson, McGee, & A ; Campbell, 2002 ; Nelson et al. , 2004 ; Luukinen et al. , 2007 ) . The others emphasize on individualized tailored plans ( Clemson et al. , 2010 ) which raises the cost of intercession plan. Furthermore, these plans, although were reported to be effectual, deficiency in big scale randomisation was the chief restriction of the surveies ( Nelson et al. , 2004 ) . In add-on, because of low wellness literacy among Persian aged population, any home-based preparation intercession without prop er supervising and attachment will non be able to accomplish its aims ( Carpenter, 2010 ) . A good cited survey suggested that aged people need supervising to better strength in a home-based scene ( Baker et al. , 2001 ) . To get the better of the job of wellness illiteracy among aged people we planned to affect participants ‘ grownup kids who have the most interaction with the client in developing plan to oversee him/her during preparation and make full up the log books.How would command external factors in place based intercession?To command external factors of the intercession, the survey will be done on falls high hazard aged people in urban countries who are cared by a female attention givers for the exercising plan ( homogeneousness of attention givers is an of import issue and is discussed in inquiry 6 ) . Some features of the participants such as age, gender, degree of instruction, matrimonial position, occupation, economic position, Activity of Daily Life ( ADL ) and IADL, Medications, Mental position, self-rated wellness are controlled in this survey.How would you find that the respondents willA followA instructions given?In order to corroborate truth of participants and attention giver ‘s public presentation ( monitoring and recording ) , orientation session and regular place visit are planned. Orientation session: Each participant is instructed to execute the instructions right. The first session of direction is allocated to teaching the participants and their attention givers how to execute the exercisings. A household member as attention giver patterns make fulling the log book in the plan in presence of research worker before beginning of the preparation. Home visit: Researcher will go to at participants ‘ place in exercising session one time a month ( three times in 12 hebdomads ) . To be assured about participants ‘ conformity, a female close household member will be instructed to make full the log books which reflect the sum of exercising aged client has done. Each log book is filled during each session and submitted to researcher at the terminal of month. Subjects ‘ household member will be allowed to name the research worker during the plan to inquire their inquiries. Furthermore, the research worker will name them semiweekly to guarantee proper public presentation of the preparation plan.How would you command for homogeneousness of sample/ respondents in your survey?Participitants will be recruited from about 1200 aged people in part. Random sampling will be applied to delegate at least participants ( N=60 ) into intercession and control groups. The survey is planned to enroll at least 30 topics in each groups. Because of likely abrasion, trying will go on to accomplish at least 60 participants complete the 12 hebdomads exercising. To increase the homogeneousness of the participants all participants will be recruited from abode of urban countries. All topics should be 60 old ages old and above, had old experience of falls in last 12 months. Furthermore, they should hold a female household member as a attention giver ( aged 18-50 ) who has wellness literacy. Health literacy will be tested by a criterion questionnaire called Rapid Estimates of Adult Literacy in Medicine ( REALM ) . In order to keep homogeneousness of attention givers, merely female attention givers are included. Exclusion standards are acute cardiorespiratory diseases ( approved by a heart specialist ) , terrible dementedness ( MMSE ) , audile lack, vestibular change, impaired vision, hearing and motor coordination restricting exercising ( approved by a brain doctor ) , unable to walk independently more than 10m, old hip replacing surgery, old history of lower appendages fracture in last 12 month, terrible articular engagement restricting physical activity and exclusion for any ground by orthopaedic sawbones. Furthermore, aged people with high vigorous degree of activity in last 12 months will be excluded from the survey. All topics will be matched and indiscriminately assigned in intercession and control groups, utilizing random figure tabular array. To make random allotment, after baseline appraisal, topics will be divided into two groups based on features, harmonizing to random Numberss table. Thereafter, one group will be allocated to the intercession and the other group to the control.What is the exact exercising protocol that you would utilize to mensurate effectivity?Exercise protocol is designed by American Heart Association ‘s ( AHA ) recommendation for maintain musculus strength, balance and falls bars in 2007. This protocol is planned to better musculus strength and balance among high hazard community aged people for falls. The same instructions with some differences are recommended by research workers in New Zealand in Otago survey. Intervention group will have 12 hebdomads exercising preparation in presence of their household attention givers. The first session after randomisation for intercession group will be held in client ‘s place to teach participant and his/her attention giver how to make the exercisings. Since there is no demand for any excess device, all the exercising can be demonstrated in a client ‘s ain place. The plan is non separately tailored, but will be done separately at place. In add-on to face to confront instruction, participants will be given a pictural brochure of all preparation exercising. They will be instructed how to utilize the preparation brochure. A flexible timetable ( harmonizing to participants ‘ penchant ) in a log book will be arranged for the topics to apportion 40-50 proceedingss for exercising three times a hebdomad. Each session consists of a 5-10 proceedingss warm-up, 30 minute strength preparation, and 5-10 minute cool-down preparation. They will be in structed to follow sequences of the preparation as warm up, exercising and cool down.What would the sample size be, taking into considerations attrition rates etc. Decidedly 30 is non plenty. Cells will be empty.In most of old intercessions sample size is less than 70 ( Kameide et al 2009 ) . However, in this survey random sampling will be applied to delegate participants ( N=100 ) into intercession and control groups. The survey is planned to enroll at least 50 topics in each groups. To increase the homogeneousness of the participants all participants will be recruited from abode of urban countries.You are trusting to beg aid from carers? ? ? How would you specify carers? Issue of gender, live-in? ? ? ?A Since, a big figure of community aged people in Iran are illiterate and are non able to enter their exercising in log books, this survey will inquire for aid of a attention giver. Care givers will be recruited from participant ‘s interested close female household member. All attention givers will be recruited from household members who are populating with their parents or able to see them often at their place ( at least one time every other twenty-four hours for one hr ) . They will be tested for wellness literacy to be able to make full in the log books. To guarantee homogeneousness of attention givers, they will be recruited from female household members, between 18 to 50 old ages old, able to see the participant freely and are willing to assist the participant. Both participant and attention giver should accept and subscribe the informed consent to be involved in research procedure. The chief function of household member attention giver is to supervise the participant during exercising and record the exercising in logbook. Furthermore, they can name the research worker to inquire any inquiry about any likely job in any phase of the survey.AimsThis survey is planned to look into the relationship between muscular strength to hazard of autumn among community dweller aged people. To accomplish this aim, the following specific ends are followed: To depict the topics ‘ muscular strength, self-efficacy, fright of falls and balance before and after intercession To analyze the relationship between topics ‘ muscular strength and hazard of falls before and after intercession To analyze the relationship between topics ‘ background variables, muscular strength, self-efficacy and fright of falls before and after intercessionConceptual ModelThis survey will be conducted based on a modern biologic theory called â€Å" wear and tear † theory and Orem ‘s self-care theory. In this survey the wear and tear theory is used to explicate why muscular strength and balance deteriorates during old ages. Orem ‘s self-care theory is utilized to explicate how self-care through exercising can keep and better an old individual ‘s ability for balance and cut down the hazard of falls. Furthermore, Bandura ‘s self-efficacy explains the moderating function of self-efficacy between muscular strength, fright of falls and balance to hazard of falls among aged people.Proposed conceptual modelBackgroundAgeGenderMarital StatusEducationMental positionSeleniumChronic DiseasesMedicineHealth literacyADL/IADLSelf-rated Health( IV )Muscular StrengthFear of FallsSelf-Efficacy( DV )Falls Hazard( Balance )